100 Books Like Lectures and Fragments

Seneca lived through the reigns of all five Julio-Claudian emperors. His writings represent the most important body of primary material for ancient Stoicism. He wrote the Letters to Lucilius in his final years, intending them as his immortal legacy, prior to committing suicide on the order of Nero. The letters are an excellent entry point to Seneca, Stoicism, and philosophy in general. They collectively amount to a course in moral development and become longer and more technical as Lucilius appears to be making philosophical progress. Michel de Montaigne, the “French Seneca”, modelled his Essays upon the Letters, writing in one of them, “I have not devoted myself to any serious work except perhaps Plutarch and Seneca: but upon them, I draw as do the Danaids...”

Epictetus was a slave who won his freedom and started his own successful school of philosophy before retiring into obscurity. Among his many students was the historian Arrian, who wrote up his spoken lectures “word for word” as the Discourses. The Discourses are down to earth, succinct, and forthright, as, for example, when Epictetus says, “And who exactly are these people that you want to be admired by? Aren’t they the same people you are in the habit of calling crazy? And is this your life ambition then—to win the approval of lunatics?” The Discourses were much loved by Marcus Aurelius, a case of a slave inspiring an emperor!

In the last years of his life, Marcus Aurelius kept a journal, now called the Meditations, which has miraculously come down to us, and through which we might enter the mind of that rarest of things: a philosopher-king. The twelve books that make up the Meditations consist in a variety of disparate reflections that seem to have been written for the author’s own benefit: for strength, for guidance, and for self-improvement—for example, “To speak to the Senate—or anyone—in the right tone, without being overbearing. To choose the right words.” This touching intimacy, and the epigrammatic character of many of his reflections—for example, “Don’t argue what a good man should be. Just be one.”—has ensured the appeal and perennial popularity of the work.

Was Cicero even a Stoic? The answer, as with all things Cicero, is complicated. But Stoic or not, Cicero is one of our most important sources on ancient Stoicism. His last work, On Duties, on our “duties” (or responsibilities) to one another as human beings, is heavily indebted to the Stoic Panaetius. In it, he argues, among others, that, owing to our common human dignity, there ought to be strict rules for entering and conducting war—an idea which today is enshrined in international law. Following the invention of the printing press, On Duties was the third ever book to be printed. John Locke owned nine editions, and Voltaire praised it to the sky, saying, “no one will ever write anything more wise.”

I really like how this book shows both the importance of roles in Epictetus’s Stoicism and the originality of Epictetus’s version of role ethics.

With great clarity, originality, and graceful exposition, it offers a penetrating analysis of an often-ambiguous text. Johnson’s engaging and patient exposition and meticulous cross-referencing are terrific. Johnson offers a first-rate analysis of Stoic logic within the ethical domain, and his comparison with Cicero’s De Officiis is insightful and careful.

I trust this fine work as an effective guide to Epictetus, particularly in navigating the challenges of an unsystematic and elliptical source text.

What I found most distinctive about this book is its originality. It explores a topic earlier scholars of Epictetus have not: Epictetus’ perspective on non-philosophers.

This work is painstakingly documented, systematic, and sensible. MacGillivray’s account of Epictetus’ use of exempla is astute, and I liked his nuanced examination of civic religion and law. I also praise this book for its convincing use of primary Stoic sources alongside Epictetus.

What I loved about this book is its lucid, ambitious, and exceptionally insightful treatment of Epictetus as a Socratic moral teacher.

I admired how Long brought Epictetus to life not only as a philosopher but also as a pedagogue ardently committed to human flourishing. His analysis of Epictetus’s use of the Socratic method, his compelling interpretation of prohairesis as “volition,” and his explanation of Epictetus’s theology as both intimate and distinctly Stoic were masterful.

I especially appreciated how Long captured Epictetus’s tone, rhetorical range, and practical urgency. His emphasis on Epictetus’s originality—particularly in appropriating Socratic methods—was spot on, making the book an engaging and invaluable contribution to understanding Epictetus.

I return to this book again and again.

I enjoyed how Scaltsas and Mason curated a diverse yet cohesive set of essays that illuminate Epictetus from fresh and engaging angles.

I was particularly impressed by the introduction, which was clear, concise, and inviting. The various contributions are generally of high caliber, but that of Julia Annas is a real gem. Her insights into Stoic ethics and everyday roles are both profound and eminently practical. I also found very valuable the essays on logic, theology, and personhood, each of which combines erudition with probing exposition.

Perhaps I’m cheating a bit on this one since I promised to recommend the best “modern” books on Stoicism and Seneca wrote his 124 famous letters almost 2,000 years ago, but since my other recommendations are Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus heavy, I wanted to make sure that any person exploring Stoicism for the first time gets a taste of Seneca too. While there are some wonderful books out there on the intriguing character of Seneca the man I’m not aware of a particular one-volume book that examines Seneca’s philosophy with the kind of depth we see in books on Aurelius and Epictetus. Besides, while the letters are ancient, this particular translation is modern and has been done by two highly-respected scholars of Stoic thought of the very first rank. They do a wonderful job (though I must admit, I first met Seneca’s Letters through the Penguin and Loeb editions and… show more.

I wanted to include a book of fiction that brings Stoic thought to life in our modern world, and this was a tough decision for me. I’d like to draw attention to a wonderful little 150-page gem that is not nearly as widely known. Traylor’s fascinating little novel is actually “fictionalized,” its characters being crafted from actual people. And who are these people? Neither philosophers nor psychologists captivated by Stoic thought, nor average Joes or Janes out on the street, but the inmates of maximum security prisons Traylor met while working as a counselor. Epictetus is the Stoic who teaches most about personal, internal, moral freedom, and self-control, having once been a slave himself. This book shows how well the ex-slave’s lessons can resonate with and morally transform anyone today who strives for such freedom, even if imprisoned behind steel bars. Please do find an hour or two to read… show more.