Philosophy was once the crown jewel of human knowledge, addressing all aspects of the natural world and human existence, and a font of moral guidance and inspiration. Today it is a marginal academic exercise, largely ingrown, inscrutable to even the well educated, and mostly ignored by the wider public. My quest has been to help restore the relevance and importance of philosophy in today’s world.
Hadot’s book was a rare confirmation for me of an alternate approach to ancient philosophy. My earlier work on ancient sceptics had led me to appreciate the centrality of personal therapy aimed towards peace of mind. Hadot persuasively demonstrates that this was, in fact, the aim of virtually all ancient Greek philosophy.
Modern philosophers have presumed that the ancients, like themselves, are engaged in an objective search for truth. Hadot shows that philosophers from Plato and Aristotle, Epicureans and Stoics, to Plotinus and St. Augustine, focused not on truth but on easing pain and suffering through a variety of therapeutic strategies, including self-control through meditative practices.
The result is an entirely new and revolutionary understanding of ancient philosophy.
This book presents a history of spiritual exercises from Socrates to early Christianity, an account of their decline in modern philosophy, and a discussion of the different conceptions of philosophy that have accompanied the trajectory and fate of the theory and practice of spiritual exercises. Hadota s book demonstrates the extent to which philosophy has been, and still is, above all else a way of seeing and of being in the world.
McEvilley’s comprehensive book was an eye-opener for me. He breaks new ground by exploring in great detail the fascinating diffusion of ideas between ancient Greece and ancient India, a topic ignored by most scholars.
He demolishes “Orientalist” presumptions of Western superiority over Eastern cultures, showing how Indian ideas like reincarnation and a holistic conception of the universe were adapted early on by Greek thinkers, while Greek logic and dialectical argumentation were absorbed by the Indians.
He convincingly demonstrates, in his words, that “every mystical element in Indian thought can be found in Greek thought too, and every rational element in Greek thought can be found in Indian.” This view corrects the historical record and strongly reinforces the notion of a cultural parity between East and West.
This revolutionary study by the renowned classical philologist reveals the interplay of Greek and Indian thought at the roots of Western culture.
Thomas C. McEvilley’s magisterial work demonstrates that Eastern and Western civilizations have not always had separate, autonomous metaphysical schemes, but have mutually influenced each other over a long period of time. Examining ancient trade routes, imperialist movements, and migration currents, he shows how some of today’s key philosophical ideas circulated freely in the triangle between Greece, India, and Persia, leading to an intense metaphysical interchange between Greek and Indian cultures.
While scholars have sensed a philosophical kinship between…
This book follows the journey of a writer in search of wisdom as he narrates encounters with 12 distinguished American men over 80, including Paul Volcker, the former head of the Federal Reserve, and Denton Cooley, the world’s most famous heart surgeon.
In these and other intimate conversations, the book…
The fascinating journey of the Greek philosopher Pyrrho to India as part of the entourage accompanying Alexander the Great and his encounters there with Indian wise men is central to Beckwith’s book.
I was excited to find his portrayal of Pyrrho as a ‘Greek Buddha’ confirming my earlier research on the compelling parallels between the Pyrrhonian sceptics of ancient Greece, who followed Pyrrho, and the Buddhist tradition. Beckwith shows that Pyrrho’s two-year stay with Alexander in Gandhara in northwestern India at a time of Buddhist presence there provided ample opportunities for extended contact.
The Indian wise men, he demonstrates, were very likely early Buddhists. He reinforces this by drawing additional parallels between the two traditions.
Pyrrho of Elis went with Alexander the Great to Central Asia and India during the Greek invasion and conquest of the Persian Empire in 334-324 BC. There he met with early Buddhist masters. Greek Buddha shows how their Early Buddhism shaped the philosophy of Pyrrho, the famous founder of Pyrrhonian scepticism in ancient Greece. Christopher I. Beckwith traces the origins of a major tradition in Western philosophy to Gandhara, a country in Central Asia and northwestern India. He systematically examines the teachings and practices of Pyrrho and of Early Buddhism, including those preserved in testimonies by and about Pyrrho, in…
Batchelor’s book rocked the Buddhist world. He stripped away the mysticism and institutional superstructure which, over the centuries, has turned Buddhism into an organized religion.
Bachelor presented Buddhism not as something to believe in but as a down to earth practice available to anyone seeking on their own to relieve the stresses and anxieties of modern life. His work, coming out of the Buddhist community (Batchelor started off as a Buddhist monk), provided further evidence of the common approach to practical, personal liberation explored in my own work based on comparing Pyrrhonism and early Buddhism.
This book follows the journey of a writer in search of wisdom as he narrates encounters with 12 distinguished American men over 80, including Paul Volcker, the former head of the Federal Reserve, and Denton Cooley, the world’s most famous heart surgeon.
In these and other intimate conversations, the book…
It may seem odd these days to recommend a book first published nearly 2000 years ago, but Sextus’ book remains to my mind the most penetrating existing account we have of therapeutic Pyrrhonian scepticism.
As indispensable as modern scholarly interpretations continue to be, there is nothing like going back to the original sources. In this case we are lucky to find a brief, pithy, and powerful statement of how to live without beliefs. In a world drowning in opinions, other unproven beliefs, and the conflicts they foster, a modern reader can find in this work a path to simplifying one’s life while acting morally, with the promise of attaining peace of mind.
The Pyrrhonists were arguably the first to reinvent philosophy rather than being content with perpetuating it.
Outlines of Scepticism, by the Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, is a work of major importance for the history of Greek philosophy. It is the fullest extant account of ancient scepticism, and it is also one of our most copious sources of information about the other Hellenistic philosophies. Its first part contains an elaborate exposition of the Pyrrhonian variety of scepticism; its second and third parts are critical and destructive, arguing against 'dogmatism' in logic, epistemology, science and ethics - an approach that revolutionized the study of philosophy when Sextus' works were rediscovered and published in the sixteenth century. This volume…
This book is a review of our consciousness of facts and beliefs presented as a series of fictional philosophical dialogues set at the height of the Roman Empire. These dialogues—on good and evil, truth and falsehood, life and death—are historical reenactments of what persons might actually have said to one another in serious debates.
The result is a unique view of the secular Hellenistic schools of antiquity and of their importance to modern secular thinking about how to live in a world without divine intervention. Ancient Evenings is in the spirit of great philosophical dialogues from Plato to Cicero and Berkeley to Hume. It brings to life the neglected literary form of the dialogue as a potent instrument of philosophical inquiry.
