The best books for understanding the dynamics of Chinese communist policing

I liked this book despite its phlegmatic style and the politics of its author. I liked it because it spoke across a political divide to identify something seemingly quite simple—that is, the friend/enemy divide—yet once unpacked, it became enormously profound and complex.

In identifying something any concept of the political cannot ignore, it cuts across orthodox political divides and political cultures. Indeed, the very first line on the very first page of the first volume of Mao Zedong’s Selected Works begins with this same question of enemies and friends. I liked Schmitt’s book because it opened up a very different way of thinking about Maoist politics.     

I first read this book back in the 1980s when doing PhD fieldwork in China on the socialist transition. After reading this book, I not only changed my topic but, ultimately, the way I thought. I became interested in questions of power/knowledge, of ‘normalization’ through social control, of disciplinary power and the collective rather than the individual, and of systems of transformation between East and West.

Indeed, in my internal conversations with this work, I not only saw a radically different Chinese tradition of social control but also Marx’s privileging of labor and Bentham’s desire to ‘grind the rogues honest’ operating as twin poles within the Chinese reform through labor penal system. My research interests might have changed, but I still carry Foucault’s ‘toolbox’.  

There is something of a maverick lurking in the shadows of this enormously erudite and linguistically brilliant scholar who is widely respected within the China studies field. In writing this particular book, Schoenhals scoured endless Chinese book and junk markets, picking out diaries, files, and details that few before him had thought important enough to gather and examine carefully.

As a result, Schoenhals work breaks new ground without really trying, or without making a theoretical fuss about it. As the father of ‘garbology’ in Chinese studies, he has attracted some criticism, but, as the old saying goes, the proof is in the pudding, and few would doubt that in Schoenhals’s book, the proof is offered in remarkable empirical detail. 

Beautifully written and amazingly erudite, Wakeman’s book takes you back to pre-revolutionary Shanghai with its vivid account of gangs, prostitutes, and police.

The work offers a magisterial account of what Shanghai was like under non-communist rule, moving beyond the actual issues of police procedures and administration to offer an engrossing account that is more like a novel than the usual dry and sometimes staid academic works that populate the China studies field.

It might seem hard to believe, but scholars of contemporary Chinese studies know quite a bit about Chinese history and Confucian thought but little of the history and thought of Marxism-Leninism. I begin my research from a very different perspective.

I had always thought, perversely as it turned out, that anyone working on a subject related to Chinese communism and its policing methods needed a solid grounding not just in Chinese history and thought but also in Marxism-Leninism. Admittedly, much of the post-Stalin discussion of Marxist law has been stolid, uninteresting, and repetitive, but Pashukanis breaks that mold.

His ideas on the withering away of law as capitalism is eviscerated during socialism breathes new life into Marxist debates about the transition stage, thereby offering new insights into the mass line of Mao.